Ultrasonic Testing

NDT course on Ultrasonic Testing

Computer Based Training Course on ULTRASONIC TESTING
DETAILED CONTENTS: Ultrasonic Testing
(see Contents )



1. METALLURGY OF STEEL
1.1. Production of Carbon Steels
Manufacturing Process
Iron-carbon Diagram
Addition of Elements
Classification of Steels
Designation of Steels
Stainless Steels
1.2. Heat treatments
Introduction (theory)
Full Annealing
Normalisation
Hardening
Tempering
Thermo-chemical Treatments
- Cementation
- Nitriding
1.3. Mechanical Tests
Tensile Test
Hardness Test
- Brinell Test
- Vickers Test
- Rockwell Test
Resilience Test
Creep test
1.4. Types of fracture
Tough Fracture
Brittle Fractures
Fatigue Fractures
1.5. Steel Products
Classification of Products
Forged Pieces
Castings
Rolled Plates
Pipes
Welded Joints
1.6. Study of defects
Discontinuities in steel
Discontinuities in Forged Pieces
Discontinuities in Castings
Discontinuities in Rolled plates
Discontinuities in Pipes
Weld Discontinuities

2. ULTRASOUNDS
2.1. Introduction to ultrasounds
Generality of Waves
- Wave Propagation
- Wave Parameters
- Wave Front
- Ultrasonic Waves
2.2. Types of Ultrasonic Waves
Longitudinal Waves
Transverse Waves
Surface Waves
Lamb Waves
2.3. Parameters of Waves
Propagation Velocity
Frequency
Wavelength
Acoustic Impedance
Sound Pressure
Acoustic Intensity
2.4. Ultrasounds Propagation
Huygens’ Principle
Irradiation Field
Beam Attenuation
Laws of Reflection
- Snell's Law
- Critical Angles
- Beams of Tranverse Waves
Scattering
Diffraction

3. TEST INSTRUMENTS
3.1. Transducers
Introduction to Transducers
Piezoelectric Transducers
Electrostrictive Transducers
Characteristics of Different Materials
Transducer excitation
Straight Beam Transducer for Contact Control
Angle Beam Contact Control Transducer
Twin Crystal Contact Transducer (Transmitting and Receiving)
Wheel-type Transducers
Water-column Transducers
Immersion Transducers
3.2. Ultrasonic Equipment
Introduction
Cathodic Ray Tube
Synchronizer
Transmitter
Sweep Generator
Delay Circuit
Receiver
Additional Equipment
Presentations of the Echogram
3.2. Digital Ultrasonic
Flaw Detectors
Analog and Digital Systems
Architecture of a Digital System
Digital Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
Components
- A/D Converter
- Digital Signal Processor
- Digital Display
Features
- Data Storage
- Multi-channel Operation Mode
- Interface and Control Panel
Digital Flaw Detector Simulator
Examples of Digital Flaw Detector

4. TESTING METHODS AND TECHNIQUES
4.1. Testing Methods
Pulse-echo Method
Resonance Method
Through-Transmission Method
4.2. Testing Techniques
Contact Technique
Immersion Technique
Comparison Between Techniques

5. INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION AND PREPARATION
5.1. Sistem Calibration
Time Axis Calibration
Sensitivity Calibration
Construction of a DAC Curve
DGS Diagrams
5.2. Periodical Calibration Check
Horizontal Linearity
Vertical Linearity
Amplification Linearity
5.3. Characterization of Ultrasonic Transducers
Characterization of Longitudinal Probes
Characterization of Angle Probes
5.4. Reference Blocks
SDH Block
1OW Block
Steel Block 25 x 150 x 250 mm
IIW V1 Block
IIW V2 Block
ASTM Blocks
Other Types of Blocks

6. TESTING OPERATIONS
6.1. Equipment Selection
Examination of the Piece
Selection of the Equipment
- Ultrasonic Equipment
- Probe
- Coupling medium
6.2. Testing Procedure
Surface Preparation
Calibration of the Equipment
Non-Welded Component
- Tests with longitudinal probes
- Tests with angle probes
Tests on Welds
- Longitudinal Discontinuities
- Longitudinal Discontinuities in Butt Joints
- Transverse Discontinuities in Butt Joints
- Nature of the Discontinuity
- Discontinuities Typical of Welds
- Detection of Discontinuities in Tee Joints
6.3. Testing Techniques for the Different Product Typologies
Tests on rolled plates
Tests on Forged Pieces
- Tests with Longitudinal Beam Probes
- Tests with Angle Beam Probes
Tests on Castings
Tests on Seamless Pipes
- Longitudinal Discontinuities
- Transverse Discontinuities
Tests on Welded Joints
6.4. Assessment of Reflectors
False Indications
Methods to Locate the Defects
Methods to Size the Defects