Penetrant Testing

NDT course on Penetrant Testing

Computer Based Training Course on PENETRANT TESTING
DETAILED CONTENTS: Liquid Penetrant Testing
(see Contents )


1. METALLURGY OF STEEL
1.1. Steel
Introduction
Components
Solidification
Iron-carbon diagram
1.2. Heat treatments
Introduction
Annealing
Normalisation
1.3. Production of carbon steels
Manufacturing process
Classification of products
1.4. Study of defects
Discontinuities in steel
Discontinuities in forged pieces
Discontinuities in castings
Discontinuities in rolled plates
Discontinuities in pipes
Discontinuities in welded joints

2. METHOD PRINCIPLES
2.1 Penetrants and Developers
Examination principle
Chemical characteristics
Physical properties
Other properties
Examination sensitivity
The developer
Classification of developers
Synthesis of the characteristics
2.2 Light Sources
Classification
Black light lamp

3. EXAMINATION PROCEDURE
3.1 Preliminary Activities
Test piece inspection
Selection of method and type of liquid
3.2 Examination Operations
Introduction
Surface cleaning
Penetrant application
Dwell time
Penetrant removal
Developer application
Evaluation of the indications
Synthesis of operations
3.3 Leakage Test and Qualification
Leakage test
Procedure qualification

4. PRODUCT AND EQUIPMENT
4.1 Examination Principle
Examination Principle
Detectable Defects
Types of Materials and Applications
Advantages of Method
Limitations of Method
Products for Examination
Equipment for Examination
4.2 Liquids Penetrant
Introduction
Types of Penetrants
- Fluorescent Penetrants
- Color Contrast Penetrants
- Combined Penetrants
- Penetrants for Special Applications
Penetrants Classification
- Water Washable Penetrants
- Solvent Removable Penetrants
- Post-Emulsification Penetrants
- Examination Methods
- Examination Sensitivity
Characteristics and Properties
- Characteristics of Penetrants
- Physical and Chemical Properties
- Other Properties
4.3 Developers
Introduction
Developers Classification
Developers Forms
- Dry Developers (Form a)
- Wet Developers (Forms b, c, d, e)
- Aqueous Developers (Form b)
- Aqueous Developers (Form c)
- Non-aqueous Developer (Form d, e)
- Other Forms of Developers (Form f)
Developer Application
Developer Composition
Developer Characteristics
Advantages / Disadvantages of Developers
Synthesis of the Characteristics
4.4 Solvents and Emulsifiers
Introduction
Solvents
- Types of Solvents
- Use of Solvents
Emulsifiers
- Types of Emulsifiers
- Lipophilic Emulsifier (oil-based)
- Hydrophilic Emulsifier (water-based)
- Emulsifiers Comparison
Emulsifier Application
- Preparation
- Application Mode
Emulsification Time
Washing and Complete Removal Control
Emulsifiers Characteristics
4.5 Examination Equipment
Light Sources
- Black Light Lamp
- UV Lamp Types
- Mercury Vapor UV Lamps
- LED UV Lamps
- Cleaning and Maintenance
Measuring Instruments
- Photometer
- UV-A Radiometer
- Refractometer
- Photo Fluorimeter
Reference Blocks
- EN ISO Blocks (Type 1 and 2)
- TAM Panel
- Comparator Block
- Comparator Rules
Penetrant Test Kit
Inspection Systems
- Types of plant
- Stations of a plant
- Plant configuration
4.6 Performance and Features
PERFORMANCE CHECK
- Removability check
- Sensitivity evaluation
- Contamination and degradation check
- Color Dye and fluorescence check
FEATURES CHECK
- Penetrant features check
- Developer features check

5. EXAMINATION PROCEDURE
5.1 Preliminary Activities
Test Piece Inspection
Choice Method and Penetrant
Standards References
Written Procedure
5.2 Examination Phases
Introduction
STEP 1: Surface Cleaning
STEP 2: Penetrant Application
STEP 3: Penetration (Dwell) Time
STEP 4: Removing Excess Penetrant
STEP 5: Developer Application
STEP 6: Inspection
Post Cleaning
Operations Synthesis

5.3 Examination Procedures
Examination procedures
- Examination with color contrast penetrants
- Examination with fluorescent penetrants
- Examination with water-washable penetrants
- Examination with solvent removable penetrants
- Examination with post-emulsifiable penetrants
Examination Methods
Method A - Water Washable Fluorescents
Method B and D - Post-emulsifiable Fluorescents
Method C - Solvent Removable
Safety Standards
5.4 Detectable Discontinuities
Detectable Discontinuities
Main Discontinuities
5.5 Qualification and Leak Test
Qualification Procedure
- Comparator Block
- Operations
Leak Test
Examination at Nonstandard Temperatures
- Examination at Low Temperatures
- Examination at High Temperatures